W. Kossel, "ber Moleklbildung als Folge des Atombaues", Ann. Then the fourth shell begins to fill.Electron shells. _Philosophical Magazine_ 26:1--25. that were used in the Bohr model. How many electrons can be in one orbital? Thus, the first energy level holds 2 * 1^2 = 2 electrons, while the second holds 2 * 2^2 = 8 electrons. Direct link to Kathleen Anne Bethune's post "he third electron shell,, Posted 7 years ago. How many electrons can each successive shell hold? tell how many electrons can fit into each type of subshell, s, p, d, f tell what is meant when a subshell is incompletely filled explain why electrons are commonly represented with arrows . The number of electrons in the outermost shell of a particular atom determines its reactivity, or tendency to form chemical bonds with other atoms. Is the elctron subshell the s, p, d and f orbitals? How many electrons does an electron shell hold? The general formula is that the nth shell can in principle hold up to 2(n2) electrons. The table below gives the maximum number of electrons each subshell can hold: Electron Sub-shell Maximum number of electrons (4 + 2) s (40) + 2 = 2: p (41) + 2 = 6: d (42) + 2 = 10: f . [14] However, later experiments indicated that the K absorption lines are produced by the innermost electrons. Moseley measured the frequencies of X-rays emitted by every element between calcium and zinc, and found that the frequencies became greater as the elements got heavier, leading to the theory that electrons were emitting X-rays when they were shifted to lower shells. And is it a probability function describing where an electron is likely to be? The O, P, and Q shells begin filling in the known elements, but they are not complete even at the heaviest known element, oganesson (element 118). No known element has more than 32 electrons in any one shell. How many electrons can be held by the first shell? If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. 2). If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Because of this, the later shells are filled over vast sections of the periodic table. Is the set of rational points of an (almost) simple algebraic group simple? The 2p,3p, 4p, and 5p can each hold six electrons because they have three orbitals. A useful guide when understanding electron shells in atoms is to note that each row on the conventional periodic table of elements represents an electron shell. Each kind of orbital has a different "shape", as you can see on the picture below. This means that the 1s, 2s, 3s, 4s, etc., can each hold two electrons because they each have only one orbital. The maximum number of electrons that the K, L, M, and N shells of an atom can hold is 2, 8, 18, and 32, respectively. I'll try to explain with the help of an example. Each shell can contain only a fixed number of electrons: The first shell can hold up to two electrons, the second shell can hold up to eight (2 + 6) electrons, the third shell can hold up to 18 (2 + 6 + 10) and so on. The first two electrons are filled up in the first shell denoted as 1. The values of $\ell$ are integers dependent on the value of $n$: $\ell = 0,1,2,,n-1$, $m_{\ell}$, the magnetic quantum number defines the orientation of the orbital in space. The filling of the shells and subshells with electrons proceeds from subshells of lower energy to subshells of higher energy. Each shell can contain only a fixed number of electrons: The first shell can hold up to two electrons, the second shell can hold up to eight (2 + 6) electrons, the third shell can hold up to 18 (2 + 6 + 10) and so on. "Langmuir's Theory of the Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules". Press ESC to cancel. and so on. As we will see below, the periodic table organizes elements in a way that reflects their number and pattern of electrons, which makes it useful for predicting the reactivity of an element: how likely it is to form bonds, and with which other elements. . elements from the 3rd period don't fill the 3rd shell. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. When the modern quantum mechanics theory was put forward based on Heisenberg's matrix mechanics and Schrdinger's wave equation, these quantum numbers were kept in the current quantum theory but were changed to n being the principal quantum number, and m being the magnetic quantum number. In this table, you can see that helium has a full valence shell, with two electrons in its first and only, 1n, shell. Direct link to iggy #9's post The 1s is the first orbit, Posted 5 years ago. Ask Question Asked 9 years, 1 month ago Modified 3 years, 3 months ago Viewed 16k times 1 I know that the first shell can hold up to 2, the second and third can hold up to 8, and the fourth 18. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Each shell contains one or more subshells, each of which also can contain only a maximum number of electrons, determined by the formula 4l + 2, where l is the quantum number of the subshell. Instead, its more like a filing system. Is quantile regression a maximum likelihood method? Use MathJax to format equations. . Do we have microscopes powerful enough to view atoms and observe this behavior or is there some other method? I know that the first shell can hold up to 2, the second and third can hold up to 8, and the fourth 18. He named the innermost shell has k shell because he noticed that the X-rays emitted two types energies. The other second diffraction beam he called "fluorescent" because it depended on the irradiated material. I am fairly sure that orbitals and shells are the same thing. When this is filled, electrons go into the third shell, which also holds a maximum of eight electrons. Home Science Chemistry Atoms & Molecules. 10, University of California Press, 1979, pp. Some atoms can be stable with an octet even though their valence shell is the 3n shell, which can hold up to 18 electrons. Different shells can hold different maximum numbers of electrons. How many electrons can fit in each shell? Searching for. The list below is primarily consistent with the Aufbau principle. The general formula is that the nth shell can in principle hold up to 2(n2) electrons. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It does not store any personal data. Now Ill show you the complete list of elements with electrons per shell. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The $s$ subshell has one orbital for a total of 2 electrons, The $p$ subshell has three orbitals for a total of 6 electrons, The $d$ subshell has five orbitals for a total of 10 electrons, The $f$ subshell has seven orbitals for a total of 14 electrons, The $g$ subshell has nine orbitals for a total of 18 electrons, The $h$ subshell has eleven orbitals for a total of 22 electrons, The first shell only has the $s$ subshell $\implies$ 2 electrons, The second shell has the $s$ and $p$ subshells $\implies$ 2 + 6 = 8 electrons, The third shell has the $s$, $p$, and $d$ subshells $\implies$ 2 + 6 + 10 = 18 electrons, The fourth shell has the $s$, $p$, $d$, and $f$ subshells $\implies$ 2 + 6 + 10 + 14 = 32 electrons, The fifth shell has the $s$, $p$, $d$, $f$, and $g$ subshells $\implies$ 2 + 6 + 10 + 14 + 18 = 50 electrons, The sixth shell has the $s$, $p$, $d$, $f$, $g$, and $h$ subshells $\implies$ 2 + 6 + 10 + 14 + 18 + 22 = 72 electrons, $n$, the principle quantum number defines the shell. By convention, elements are organized in the. The shell closest to the nucleus, 1n, can hold two electrons, while the next shell, 2n, can hold eight, and the third shell, 3n, can hold up to eighteen. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. But, they take up more space when you think about how they move. First, we look at the n=1 shell (the first shell). Why do we kill some animals but not others? The first elements to have more than 32 electrons in one shell would belong to the g-block of period 8 of the periodic table. Why did the Soviets not shoot down US spy satellites during the Cold War? Answers: 1 Show answers. Are the p-orbitals in the 2n or 3n shells distinguishable, and if so, in what way? It's hard for me to understand, I was wondering if you could help out with that? Most of it is based on theory worked out using a lot of maths. The third shell can carry up 18 electrons, but it is more stable by carrying only eight electrons. Element . Have you learned about quantum numbers yet? For the third shell, $n=3$, so the allowed values of $\ell$ are: $\ell=0$, which is the $s$ subshell, $\ell=1$, which is the $p$ subshell, and $\ell=2$, which is the $d$ subshell. Barkla, who worked independently from Moseley as an X-ray spectrometry experimentalist, first noticed two distinct types of scattering from shooting X-rays at elements in 1909 and named them "A" and "B". How many electrons are in each shell of hydrogen? On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. In practice, no known atoms have electrons in the $g$ or $h$ subshells, but the quantum mechanical model predicts their existence. Now, if you want to know the electron configuration of all these elements, then see the below Periodic table. The second shell holds 8 electrons; 2 in a 2s orbital and 6 in three 2p orbitals. can have at most two electrons in it. In contrast, chlorine has only seven electrons in its outermost shell, while sodium has just one. rev2023.3.1.43269. They are constantly moving, and at different wavelengths and frequencies. What are the maximum number of electrons in each shell? What are the number of sub-levels and electrons for the first four principal quantum numbers. The energy is roughly like this: $$1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s$$. These elements would have some electrons in their 5g subshell and thus have more than 32 electrons in the O shell (fifth principal shell). The values of the azimuthal quantum numbers for the s, p, d, and f subshells are 0, 1, 2, and 3 respectively. Bohr model of an atom, showing energy levels as concentric circles surrounding the nucleus. For $\ell=2$, $m_\ell$ has five possible values: $m_\ell=-2,-1,0,+1,+2$. Principal energy levels in atomic physics, This article is about the orbits of electrons. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. For example, the innermost shell can hold only two electrons. Bohr, Niels (1913). But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. How many electrons are in each shell? The shell closest to the nucleus, 1n, can hold two electrons, while the next shell, 2n, can hold eight, and the third shell, 3n, can hold up to eighteen. On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part I. What are the energy shells (K, L, M, N, etc)? Consider Sodium (Na). Re: Why do electron shells have set limits? S sub-shells only have one orbital, p sub-shells have three, and the d sub-shell has five. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Each electron shell has a certain number of electrons that it can hold before it fills up. For example, the "4s subshell" is a subshell of the fourth (N) shell, with the type (s) described in the first row. What is the arrow notation in the start of some lines in Vim? Overall, the electrons are much smaller than the protons and neutrons. vi, 211-290 (81 pages), University of California Press,p. The maximum number of electrons you will find in any shell is 32. This would mean that 2 electrons could fit in the first, 8 could fit in the second, 18 could fit in the third, and 32 could fit in the fourth shell. Write a set of quantum numbers for each of the electrons with an n of 4 in a Se atom. In this article, well look in more detail at the periodic table, how atoms organize their electrons, and how this allows us to predict the reactivity of elements. T.Hirosigeand S.Nisio,"Formation of Bohr's Theory of Atomic Constitution",Jap. The strict chronological. One spin-up and one spin-down. Each orbital can hold two electrons. [1] [17][18] Einstein said of Bohr's 1922 paper that his "electron-shells of the atoms together with their significance for chemistry appeared to me like a miracle and appears to me as a miracle even today". Each shell can contain only a fixed number of electrons: The first shell can hold up to two electrons, the second shell can hold up to eight (2 + 6) electrons, the third shell can hold up to 18 (2 + 6 + 10) and so on. How many electrons are required to fill and orbital? The fourth shell has 4 subshells: the $s$ subshell, which has 1 orbital with 2 electrons, the $p$ subshell, which has 3 orbitals with 6 electrons, the $d$ subshell, which has 5 orbitals with 10 electrons, and the $f$ subshell, which has 7 orbitals with 14 electrons, for a total of 16 orbitals and 32 electrons. You can effortlessly find every single detail about the elements from this single Interactive Periodic table. Each shell can only hold a limited number of electrons: the first can hold two, the second can hold eight (2 = 6) electrons, and the third can hold up to 18 (2 = 6 10) electrons, and so on. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. What is the order of Doctor Who? How many electrons does the 4th shell hold? This shell can contain a maximum of two electrons. However, the M shell starts filling at sodium (element 11) but does not finish filling till copper (element 29), and the N shell is even slower: it starts filling at potassium (element 19) but does not finish filling till ytterbium (element 70). There's an important distinction between "the number of electrons possible in a shell" and "the number of valence electrons possible for a period of elements". Principal Quantum Number (n) is defined as the distance of the electron from the nucleus and its energy in the atom. Direct link to iggy #9's post Overall, the electrons ar, Posted 5 years ago. Metals do not hold on to their valence electrons very tightly, while . d: 5 orbitals, 10 electrons. How many electrons can each energy level hold? The first shell (closest to the nucleus) can hold two electrons. This follows the n + rule which is also commonly known as the Madelung rule. The first shell has one 1s orbital and holds 2 electrons. Hist. So for this hypothetical C2 molecule, the molecular orbital that forms between them has two valence electrons. How many electrons can the n=4 shell hold. Shell 2 (2S & 2P) and Shell 3 (3S & 3P) each hold 8 electrons. Elements can be classified as metals and nonmetals. The third energy level of an atom, referred to as the m shell, can hold a maximum of 18 electrons. Most popular questions for Chemistry Textbooks. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Because in Bohrs model for hydrogen atom we consider only Coulombic interactions between one proton and one electron. [10] Moseley was part of Rutherford's group, as was Niels Bohr. Just like the moon revolving around the earth, the electrons also revolve around the nucleus. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. 1). Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. How did Dominion legally obtain text messages from Fox News hosts? How many shells are in F? Now for the different kinds of orbitals [4][20][17] However, the electron shell development of Niels Bohr was basically the same theory as that of the chemist Charles Rugeley Bury in his 1921 paper.[21][4][22]. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. In the case of equal n + values, the subshell with a lower n value is filled first. Michael Eckert, Disputed discovery: the beginnings of X-ray diffraction in crystals in 1912 and its repercussions, January 2011, Acta crystallographica. Chap.7. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. I'm kinda also confused on what an electron shell is and what an electron subshell is. the f - type has seven orbitals Each orbital can hold up to two electrons, meaning that the 1s, 2s, 3s, 4s, and 5s can hold two electrons. There is a 2 8 8 rule for these elements. The final column gives the historical origin of the labels s, p, d, and f. They come from early studies of, Each s subshell holds at most 2 electrons, Each p subshell holds at most 6 electrons, Each d subshell holds at most 10 electrons, Each f subshell holds at most 14 electrons, Each g subshell holds at most 18 electrons, This page was last edited on 30 November 2022, at 19:37. You can also see that: Each orbital can hold two electrons. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Energy must be added to move an electron outward to a higher energy level, and energy is released when an electron falls down from a higher energy level to a closer-in one. doi:10.1021/ja01440a023. The electrons in an atom occupy the lowest available energy level first. Each shell can contain only a fixed number of electrons: The first shell can hold up to two electrons, the second shell can hold up to eight (2 + 6) electrons, the third shell can hold up to 18 (2 + 6 + 10) and so on. Each subshell can hold a different number of electrons. But, I want to ask you a simple question. where, n represents the Principal Quantum Number, a.k.a. The nth shell can hold up to 2(n2) electrons in principle, according to the general formula. The second shell has this s orbital (2s) but also has a p orbital. The first shell can hold two electrons because it has one orbital, called 1s. Let me tell you how this Interactive Periodic Table will help you in your studies. Electrons in atoms are defined by 4 quantum numbers. The second shell can hold a maximum of eight electrons. These electron configurations make helium and neon very stable. The work of assigning electrons to shells was continued from 1913 to 1925 by many chemists and a few physicists. The list below gives the elements arranged by increasing atomic number and shows the number of electrons per shell. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4517-3, "XXXIX.The spectra of the fluorescent Rntgen radiations", "Quantum Mechanic Basic to Biophysical Methods", Electron configurations of the elements (data page), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_shell&oldid=1124837255, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. For example, the first (K) shell has one subshell, called 1s; the second (L) shell has two subshells, called 2s and 2p; the third shell has 3s, 3p, and 3d; the fourth shell has 4s, 4p, 4d and 4f; the fifth shell has 5s, 5p, 5d, and 5f and can theoretically hold more in the 5g subshell that is not occupied in the ground-state electron configuration of any known element. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. The third shell holds 18 electrons; 2 in a 3s orbital; 6 in three 3p orbitals; and 10 in five 3d orbitals. shells that contain electrons. List of elements with electrons per shell The Bohr model is useful to explain the reactivity and chemical bonding of many elements, but it actually doesnt give a very accurate description of how electrons are distributed in space around the nucleus. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. In music theory, musical, Skin Problems While in use, the slimming belt holds, Carbide saw blades are used by woodworkers and craftsmen, Light red is a relatively rare color because red mixed, As of 2022, Macaulay Culkin's net worth is estimated. How many electrons are in the third shell of the Bohr model? For example, the $s$ subshell of any energy level consists of spherical orbitals. How many electrons can a F-type shell hold? How many electrons are in each shell? The shells correspond to the principal quantum numbers (n = 1, 2, 3, 4) or are labeled alphabetically with the letters used in X-ray notation (K, L, M,). A more thorough explanation using quantum numbers can be found below. How many electrons can accommodate in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, orbits. According to the shell model of atom, electrons behave as if they were arranged in concentric shells around the nucleus. Maximum number of orbitals in an energy level (n2). 285-286. The 4p orbital holds 6 electrons. This outermost shell is known as the. We can break each electron shell down into one or more subshells, which are simply sets of one or more orbitals. Chemistry Electron Configuration s,p,d,f Orbitals 1 Answer Junaid Mirza May 9, 2018 2,6,10,14 respectively Explanation: If is the angular quantum number of subshell then maximum electrons it can hold is 2(2 +1) Sub-shellMaximum electrons This would mean 2 electrons could fit in the first shell, 8 could fit in the second shell, 18 in the third shell, and 32 in the fourth shell. eight electrons occupy the second shell one electron occupies the third shell This electronic structure can be written as 2,8,1 (each comma, or dot, separates one shell from the next). Here is a table showing electrons in each shell. Like me, you may even have been offered the opportunity to memorize this song for extra credit. two electrons Subshells are designated by the letters. 3rd shell - 18 electrons. Thats because orbitals actually specify the shape and position of the regions of space that electrons occupy. Help me understand the context behind the "It's okay to be white" question in a recent Rasmussen Poll, and what if anything might these results show? Within the shells, electrons are further grouped into subshells of four different types, identified as s, p, d, and f in order of increasing energy. You can track your UPS Mail Innovations shipments on ups. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. The orbitals are filled so that the ones of lowest energy are filled first. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The general formula is that the nth shell can in principle hold up to 2(n2) electrons. But what about after that? Planned Maintenance scheduled March 2nd, 2023 at 01:00 AM UTC (March 1st, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup, Ticket smash for [status-review] tag: Part Deux. For example, the 1st shell is made up of 1 subshell, s. It can therefore contain only 2 electrons. The 2n is the second shell. By convention, each shell is assigned a number and the symbol nfor example, the electron shell closest to the nucleus is called 1n. 3, no. It has the 2s and 2p subshells. Thus the $s$ subshell has only 1 orbital. It only takes a minute to sign up. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. When this is filled, electrons go into the third shell, which also holds a maximum of eight electrons. Best Answer. Although it is sometimes stated that all the electrons in a shell have the same energy, this is an approximation. The third column is the maximum number of electrons that can be put into a subshell of that type. Kragh, Helge. 1 (1969), pp. See how this Interactive Periodic Table helps you. How many electrons with l = 1 does Si in its ground state have? Similarly, neon has a complete outer 2n shell containing eight electrons. Within the shells, electrons are further grouped into subshells of four different types, identified as s, p, d, and f in order of increasing energy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. Why are electron shells named KLMN? At some point in your chemistry education, you may have been introduced to the song The Elements, in which Tom Lehrer does a rapid-fire musical rendition of all the elements' names. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. The Bohr model shows the atom as a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with the electrons in circular electron shells at specific distances from the nucleus, similar to planets orbiting around the sun. What's the difference between an electron shell and subshell? Regardless of its shape, each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons. In 1913 Bohr proposed a model of the atom, giving the arrangement of electrons in their sequential orbits. Using these and other constraints he proposed configurations that are in accord with those now known only for the first six elements. The innermost shell is filled first. 2nd shell - 8 electrons. Postcard from Arnold Sommerfeld to Bohr, 7 March 1921. One spin-up and one spin-down. [9] However, because in a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons, this work was extremely important to Niels Bohr who mentioned Moseley's work several times in his interview of 1962. Electrons are the sub - particles present in atomic shells. (ed.) 1 How many electrons can each shell hold? Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. How many electrons fill each energy level and each orbital? 3(1964),6-28. But what about after that? Each of the d sublevels can hold 10 electrons. After that, the next 2 hold 18 each, then the next 2 hold 32. I'm confused about all the 1s2 2s2 and 2p6. Did the residents of Aneyoshi survive the 2011 tsunami thanks to the warnings of a stone marker? s-orbitals can hold 2 electrons, p-orbitals can hold 6, and d-orbitals can hold 10, for a total of 18 electrons. How many electrons can be accommodated in each shell? How much can SPDF hold? The first electron shell, 1n, corresponds to a single, The second electron shell, 2n, contains another spherical, The third electron shell, 3n, also contains an. . The position of each element in the table gives important information about its structure, properties, and behavior in chemical reactions. Number of electrons in each shell Each d subshell holds at most 10 electrons. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. How does an atomic orbital differ from a Bohr orbit? Atoms, like other things governed by the laws of physics, tend to take on the lowest-energy, most stable configuration they can. The types of subshells available to a shell and the number of orbitals in each subshell are mathematically defined by quantum numbers. Chem., VOLUME 37, Number 1 (2012), p.43. At that time Bohr allowed the capacity of the inner orbit of the atom to increase to eight electrons as the atoms got larger, and "in the scheme given below the The values of $n$ are integers: $n=1,2,3,$, $\ell$, the orbital angular momentum quantum number defines the subshell. 3). The first column is the "subshell label", a lowercase-letter label for the type of subshell. The values of $m_\ell$ are integers and depend on the value of $\ell$: $m_\ell = -\ell,,-1,0,1,,+\ell$, $m_s$, the spin angular momentum quantum number defines the spin state of each electron. Direct link to Michael Shawn Pope's post Are the p-orbitals in the, Posted 2 years ago. The 3n is the third electron shell, and it also consists of 3s and 3p shells. . For $\ell=0$ only $m_\ell=0$ is allowed. How many electrons can each shell in an atom hold? What is Principal Quantum Number? The first shell can carry up to two electrons, the second shell can carry up to eight electrons. The number after it stands for the amount of electrons in each orbital. Group 13: 3 electrons in highest energy level. Seeing this in 1925, Wolfgang Pauli added a fourth quantum number, "spin", during the old quantum theory period of the Sommerfeld-Bohr Solar System atom to complete the modern electron shell theory.[4]. In the second last paragraph, I don't really get why because of the d subshell having more energy, argon is stable with 8 valence electrons? How do scientists figure this out? So for lithium, the third electron rests in the second shell. Phys., 1916, 49, 229-362 (237). The first shell has only an s subshell; the second shell has an s and . Each shell can contain only a fixed number of electrons: The first shell can hold up to two electrons, the second shell can hold up to eight (2 + 6) electrons, the third shell can hold up to 18 (2 + 6 + 10) and so on. [13] It was not known what these lines meant at the time, but in 1911 Barkla decided there might be scattering lines previous to "A", so he began at "K". The second shell has 2 subshells: the $s$ subshell, which has 1 orbital with 2 electrons, and the $p$ subshell, which has 3 orbitals with 6 electrons, for a total of 4 orbitals and 8 electrons.

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