almost lying on their sides, the way that the ancient I thank the Opera Religion of the Diocese of Ravenna for its hospitality and availability. our published articles. But now we know the praises of this pillar, For this reason the Son also appeared in the fullness of time to show how the copy resembles Him.[1]. Add to this the emerald green and you feel embraced by the garden. It is where we are in intimate communion with God. We are witnessing the material word shining with light, like Christs garment on Mount Tabor. And there are still more laid out on the triumphal arch and in the curved apsidal wall below. Church and her theology of artistic beauty. We recall that not only did Christs person shine with light on Tabor, but also His inanimate garments. It is enacted in the Holy Liturgy that is performed within its embrace, for the mosaic is after all in an apse and therefore surrounds the sanctuary and Holy Table. One sees such palms in many other Italian mosaics, such as at SantApollinare Nuovo in Ravenna (6th c.), the ceiling mosaic of Arian Baptistery also in Ravenna (5thc.), at Santa Prassede in Rome (9thc.), and in the apse mosaic of Santa Cecilia also in Rome (9thc.). But our mosaic gives no indication of such a mountain. - [Beth] And he's larger For, as St Paul so poetically writes, the Father raised us up with him, and made us sit with him in the heavenly places in Christ Jesus (Ephesians 2:6). Also depicted in the mosaic at the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia is a set of three sheep on each side of Christ, with him touching one on the nose. first built by Theodoric to be his palace chapel, In Gods plan this royal and crafting role is inextricably tied to our priestly role, since in the Eucharist we offer not wheat and grapes, but bread and wine, which are the fruit of human labour. Some of the Church Fathers say that Adam and Eve were in fact clothed with light before the fall, and only became naked when they turned from Gods way. But our mosaic gives no indication of such a mountain. Italy, 5th-6th century. And we believe that this is where the Ostrogoth king Theodoric worshiped. that would have been right next to this church. It has a unique collection of early Christian mosaics and monuments. We see Christ with his 12 Apostles. - A kingdom. It is a place of intimacy, a place to dwell and enjoy. There's another frieze of large figures that are interrupted by the windows on the side of the church. So the garden around Apollinare is the outcome of love and craft, and of God and man working together in synergy. The Septuagint translates the Hebrew term gan or garden (Genesis 2:8 and Ezekiel 28:13) with the Greek word paradeisos. In the Gospel of Matthew Christ tells us that at His coming again there will appear the sign of the Son of Man in heaven (Matthew 24:30). Dura-Europos, 3rd century, Caiaphas the high priest. Each side are the four winged creatures, each holding a Gospel. Best price and money back guarantee! Another clue to this link between the Lords Transfiguration and His Second Coming is His other statement, eight days before the Transfiguration: Truly I tell you, some who are standing here will not taste death before they see the kingdom of God. The most immediate meaning of these words is understood by most commentators to refer to Christs coming Transfiguration. A paradise is a secure enclosure, with the suggestion therefore of permanence; it is a domain, a kingdom; it is a large garden or park; it includes animals; it is a royal park, where the king and queen enjoy the company of their family and friends; and it is a place where God has placed us and given us a task. In other words, His second coming will be like His Ascension, with a cloud of witnesses (the stars), accompanied by the sign of the Son of Man (the cross). Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy Sant'Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna (Italy) San Vitale and the Justinian Mosaic Empress Theodora, rhetoric, and Byzantine primary sources Art and architecture of Saint Catherine's Monastery at Mount Sinai Woman with Scroll Byzantine Mosaic of a Personification, Ktisis Ivory Panel with Archangel Others may or may not have been: we will never know for certain because the designer did not write his or her explanation. It is a place of intimacy, a place to dwell and enjoy.People visit mountaintops, but they do not stay there. the Father], and the image of God is the Son, in whose image man was created. Christian Mosaics, Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Magic Lantern Glass Slide. In the centre is Christ in a medallion. So much for the impressive size. But the one passage that perhaps best describes this remarkable mosaic is from the Bible: For [the Father] has made known to us in all wisdom and insight the mystery of His will, according to His purpose which He set forth in Christ as a plan for the fullness of time, to unite all things in Him, things in heaven and things on earth. 21:23). Above him is a great golden cross set within in an orb of star speckled blue. But he also dressed like a Roman senator, his toga bearing the senatorial a shoulder to hem stripe. There are in fact ninety-nine stars in our mosaic. Our guide started pointing out "ghostly images" in the . 5 April 2006. They symbolize the four evangelists: the eagle is John; the man Matthew, the lion Mark, and the ox Luke. So the cross in our mosaic is the sign of the Son of Man that will appear in the heavens in the last days, a sign of His Second Coming. Last Supper - Sant'Apollinare Nuovo - Ravenna. Why then did He allow His light to shine in this particular instance, on Mount Tabor? In Gods plan this royal and crafting role is inextricably tied to our priestly role, since in the Eucharist we offer not wheat and grapes, but bread and wine, which are the fruit of human labour. In turn: Secondly, the curvature of the apse itself is a form of enclosure. It was originally an Arian cathedral but became a Catholic church in 570. The mosaic was made with thousands of little colored pieces of glass and put together. Scholars date the uppermost tier of the triumphal arch to the ninth century. We are clearly looking not at a wild forest but a garden, one cared for by men and women. Omissions? that sacrament of the Eucharist that would have happened here But they are surely there also, along with the birds, to remind us that all creatures are created by God and are thus part of His kingdom. This is graphically affirmed by two passages in the ancient hymn Exsultet, sung in the Western Church by a deacon in front of the Paschal candle. So the garden of Eden becomes paradise. Abel, Melchezidek, Abraham and Isaac, 7th century. On the south wall of the apse is a depiction of the priest king Melchizedek. I am a mosaicist myself, and have noticed that these smalti glass tesserae, especially the green ones, are somewhat more translucent than modern smalti. In the Gospel of Matthew Christ tells us that at His coming again there will appear the sign of the Son of Man in heaven (Matthew 24:30). The UNESCO World Cultural Heritage-listed Church of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo has some of the most impressive and interesting Late Antiquity and Byzantine mosaics in Ravenna, Italy. It was erected by the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great as his palace chapel during the first quarter of the 6th century (as attested to in the Liber Pontificalis ). The sheep are also of course white, and stand out particularly against the green. He also wears also a simple crown to denote his regal status as king of Salem. This in part explains the special luminosity of our mosaic. But when God made the starry lights for the night He varied their size, spacing and colour, and this soothes the soul. Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, a Unesco World Heritage site, is located in the historic center of Ravenna, entered via a cloister, to reveal a magnificent work of gilded mosaics high on the side walls, each tile arranged at a different angle from the other, to make the mosaics shine even brighter. Whom do you seek? Supposing him to be the gardener, she said to him, Sir, if you have carried him away, tell me where you have laid him, and I will take him away.. Our mosaic develops this theme of priestly offering still further, but we shall discuss this a bit later. They're also holding crowns, which they'll be offering to Christ. how the arts work together in the 53249) and SantApollinare Nuovo, Ravenna (c. 490). But now we know the praises of this pillar,which glowing fire ignites for God's honour,a fire into many flames divided,yet never dimmed by sharing of its light,for it is fed by melting wax,drawn out by mother beesto build a torch so precious.[2]. a depiction it is. After he had communed with God and received the tablets of the law on Sinai, Moses had to leave the summit and descend back to the encamped Israelites. this gift from your most holy Church. So we are now in a place to gather together all these connotations of the term paradise and relate them to our mosaic. The platytera in the apse; pantokrator in the dome; etc, although of course traditional and significant, are not the only things we can put in our churches. These bishops, together with Saint Apollinare (the first bishop of Ravenna), serve to locate within the apostolic succession each priest who celebrates in the basilica. Silver was used in a similar way. There's tremendous detail in Thank you! More specifically, the apse depicts not just the historical event of Christs Transfiguration, but also the present Eucharist and the Kingdom that is to come. Through incorporation into the Body of Christ and through our Eucharistic life, all matter can be transfigured. my blood, and remember me. Such works seem to flash forth, and are never perhaps can never be repeated. The Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo was also erected by Theuderic. Of much greater significance, however, are the sumptuous mosaics that cover the walls of the nave. As St Irenaeus reminds us, the initial step for us all to come to knowledge of God is contemplation of nature. The disciples kept this to themselves and did not tell anyone at that time what they had seen. What does all this imagery mean? The figures of Theodoric the Great and others were blackened out of the image under Pope Gregory the Great. Unlike perhaps the most 1 / 13 Mausoleum of Galla Placidia which glowing fire ignites for Gods honour, It is not a matter of being artistically creative for its own sake, but of being more theologically and pastorally alive so that we can express timeless things in a fresh way in order to wake us up. All this fecundity is finally embraced and contained by a broad arch of foliage that supports a host of birds, singing no doubt. This theme of beginning and end is further alluded to by the depiction (executed in the 7th century) of Jerusalem and Bethlehem atop the triumphal arch. The event is . Our bishop Apollinare is a spiritual gardener as well as a priest. This reminds me of something that Saint Paissius of the Holy Mountain once said to me. Natural landscape. Global shipping available. the Father], and the image of God is the Son, in whose image man was created. - [Beth] The mosaic that we see furthest towards the east end of the To this paradise add animals, trees, birds, and a saint. Some of these themes were without doubt intended by the designer. I am a mosaicist myself, and have noticed that these smalti glass tesserae, especially the green ones, are somewhat more translucent than modern smalti. Palms traditionally represent paradise and a fruit bearing life. But this visual discourse is not merely to be observed. Read the reviews of your fellow travelers. Together with the rocks and the trees this mosaic represents all three kingdoms: the mineral, vegetable and animal realms. Finally, paradise came to be equated with Eden through the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek. SPEAKER 2: What we do have is an extraordinary apse mosaic. A hand symbolizing the voice of the Father. The Church can prophetically oppose a secular power that acts contrary to Gods commandments, but it can also accept material assistance from it if this genuinely aids the Churchs spiritual work and benefits peoples lives. Bishop Apollinare is celebrating the liturgy. But the rest of the cosmos is nevertheless also capable of participating in Gods glory, each thing according to its capacity. Photos cannot do justice to this mosaic. Painting as Prayer, The Art of A. Sophrony Sakharov, Lighting in Orthodox Churches: Liturgical Principles and Practical Ideas, Being, The Art and Life of Father Sophrony, Holy Tables with Reliquaries, a Short History, The Mosaic Apse of SantApollinaire in Classe, Ravenna, A Year of Exploring Ancient Carving Through Drawing . So much for the mosaics similarities with the Gospel accounts. How do we know that this mosaic depicts the Transfiguration? Such sunrise type clouds are common in apsidal mosaics in Rome. A paradise is a secure enclosure, with the suggestion therefore of permanence; it is a domain, a kingdom; it is a large garden or park; it includes animals; it is a royal park, where the king and queen enjoy the company of their family and friends; and it is a place where God has placed us and given us a task. That will give you the perfect overview of Ravenna's history before you see the mosaics in situ. Such is the case when Mary Magdalene mistakes the risen Christ for a gardener: Jesus said to her, Woman, why are you weeping? These two simple letters capitulate the whole theme of the apse mosaic. Irenaeus reminds us that Man is created in the image of God [i.e. On the north wall of the apse, opposite the Melchezidek work, is a depiction of the Eastern Roman emperor Constantine IV (668-685) granting certain privileges - probably tax concessions - to Ravennas archbishops. The mosaic then honours some important personalities of the Church of Ravenna. Global shipping available. Date palms, symbols of paradise, fruitfulness and victory. Mosaic of a Ravennate italian-byzantine workshop, completed within 526 AD by the so-called 'Master of Sant'Apollinare'. The Gospel of Matthew makes very clear the connection between the Taboric experience and the Second Coming when he writes: Truly, I say to you, there are some standing here who will not taste death before they see the Son of man coming in his kingdom (Matthew 16:28). On the right is Archbishop Reparatus (671-677), receiving from the Emperor the scroll with its promise of privileges. He wants to show His disciples the purpose and end of His work a few days before His crucifixion. This makes the apse trinitarian, if one takes the gold background and the white to suggest the presence of the Holy Spirit. Why, we might ask, is Christ depicted so small, and in the midst of a great cross instead of in His shining garments? Perhaps that could make a good article for the OAJ ?. Christs parable of the lost sheep (Matthew 18:10-14) speaks of the shepherd leaving ninety-nine of his flock to find the one lost sheep. This Privilegia mosaic encapsulates the Orthodox ideal of symphony between Church and state. They are the only human figures in our mosaic that are clothed entirely in white. Why, we might ask, is Christ depicted so small, and in the midst of a great cross instead of in His shining garments? RM 2K64CX4 - 19th century vintage photograph: The Basilica of Sant' Apollinare Nuovo is a basilica church in Ravenna, Italy. The Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, built by Theoderic (493-526) next to his palace, was originally used as a Palatine Church of Arian religion. The eighth day resurrection therefore takes human nature beyond the endless trapped cycle of the seven day week. Quite remarkably, close inspection of the little golden designs on Saint Apollinares chasuble reveals that they are in fact bees. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. . They delight the beholder immediately but at the same time possess layer upon layer of meaning, which reveal themselves only to the patient. Luke tells us that eight days before His Transfiguration (Matthew and Mark say six), Christ spoke to His disciples of His Second Coming, saying that He would come in His glory and in the glory of the Father and of the holy angels. scenes of the life of Christ. Which phrase best describes the style of the Christ as Good Shepherd mosaic from the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia at Ravenna? famous church in Ravenne, San Vitale, which is a central plan, Sant'Apollinare Nuovo is a Basilica plan. Photos by Steven Zucker. They went up onto a mountain to pray. Mountains are where people meet God. And like so many churches in Ravenna, it's been through many phases. martyrs on the other side. Eight is thus a symbol of the created world assumed into the divine life, in a union without confusion. So as well as depicting Apollinare as a celebrating bishop, our mosaic also suggests his and by extension, our role as acting role as kings and queens within the world. In the Southeast corner, you have Christ on a throne surrounded by four angels and opposite that is another On the left side are the secular authorities: the emperor and his brothers Heraclius and Tiberius, with a fourth figure holding a ciborium. We're used to seeing the Last Supper, because we're familiar with Here is the wine, this is 3. It is a precursor to the rich vision that St Maximus the Confessor was to write about a century later, where in Christ the human person becomes both microcosm and mediator, to use Lars Thunbergs phrase. He also wears also a simple crown to denote his regal status as king of Salem. when Christ announced, one of you will betray me, but he also would have said, here's the bread, this is my body. And this would be the moment After he had communed with God and received the tablets of the law on Sinai, Moses had to leave the summit and descend back down to the encamped Israelites. And there is something about this mosaic that gives a sense of completion, wholeness, permanence. Please check your entries and try again. - [Beth] These were foreigners. The mosaic gives us adumbrations of this cosmic transfiguration. We have instead the cross, with Christs face set in a small medallion at its centre, and the large figure of Saint Apollinare. On the south wall of the apse is a depiction of the priest king Melchizedek. Mastering all the usages of 'Greek cross' from sentence examples published by news publications. So what our mosaic concentrates on is not so much Christs transfiguration but ours. And just to the right The Ladder of Divine Ascent icon showing monks ascending to Jesus in Heaven, top right. For the Greeks it became paradeisos, a park for animals. The figures displaying gammadia are almost exclusively male, except for a long line of female martyr-saints in the mosaics of the Basilica of St. Apollinare Nuovo. Here in Johns Gospel Mary Magdalene is trying to find God. Sunlight enters each piece and re-emerges as emerald tinted. Bethlehem, His birthplace, represents the beginning of Christs earthly ministry, while Jerusalem represents the fulfilment of it. accept this candle, a solemn offering, He stands behind an altar with two loaves and a chalice. It is in fact a depiction of the Transfiguration of Christ, as described in the Gospel accounts of Matthew 17:1-8, Mark 9:2-8 and, most notably, Luke 9:28-36. So in our mosaic we see trees, rocks and sheep surrounded by an aura of either yellow or rich green tesserae. He is the Logos, the creator and guider of His kingdom below. - [Steven] Just imagine They are labelled Moses and Elijah (MOYSES and HbELYAS to be precise), and it is they who appeared with Christ during the Transfiguration. The passage reads: O holy Father,accept this candle, a solemn offering,the work of bees and of your servants hands,an evening sacrifice of praise,this gift from your most holy Church. Above the paradisiacal landscape with Apollinaris, on a golden background, the hand of God emerges from the white clouds. We think of Mount Sinai in particular, where Moses met the Lord. It embraces you. Light thereby literally comes from within the grass itself, and not merely reflected off its surface. They may well be saints. This emphasizes the priestly significance of his offering. Christ died on the sixth day, rested in the tomb on the seventh, and rose on the eighth day. Why then did He allow His glory to shine in this particular instance, on Mount Tabor? It is set in divine time, in kairos, where past, present and future exist together in Christ. Absolutely! We had work to do in paradise. Sant'Apollinare Nuovo: Right Side of the Nave. This Arian church was dedicated in 504 to Christ the Redeemer in Ravenna Italy on November 4 2012. Such is the sixth century apse mosaic at the basilica of Saint Apollinare in Classe, five miles from Ravenna, Italy. Through the Spirit dwelling within them and transfiguring them He will be closer than if He were present only in the flesh as a human individual. Mosaics in Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna (6th century) The sumptuous mosaics that cover the walls of the nave in Sant'Apollinare Nuovo reflect the dominant role that mosaics had assumed in the churches of the Christian East. The main clue is the two figures set in the sky. The way that the holy bishop and martyr is set within the scene suggests that he has a broader significance. This mechanical repetition is tiring to our eyes, he said. Why the stars, and why are the clouds coloured? His hands are raised in the orans gesture. By association they also set everyone who worships in the basilica within the fellowship of all believers, past, present and future. So the garden of Eden becomes paradise. The Scriptures after all end in the city of God coming down out of heaven to earth, radiant in its fullness, for the glory of God gives it light, and the Lamb is its lamp (Rev. This hymn was composed perhaps as early as the fifth century, and certainly no later than the seventh, so it may well have been known by the person who designed the mosaic and therefore support this interpretation of the bees on Apollinares chasuble. They are the only human figures in our mosaic that are clothed entirely in white. There, according to the Genesis account, God placed us humans and give us the task to cultivate it. them, there is no sky. I wish we would see some more of this kind of creative and deep interpretation in church iconography today. And above the cross is the Greek word for fish, , the famous acrostic formed by the initials of five Greek words meaning Jesus Christ, Son of God, the Saviour. And instead of the mountain of Tabor we have a garden. And at the front of the I hope to visit this basilica in 2018. In this case, He has become the Gardener in Eden. (C) borrowed Change country: . Moses and Elijah are depicted plainly either side of the cross. So the many golden stars in the orb that surrounds our cross represent the host of angels who will accompany Christ at His Second Coming. The Sacrifices of Abel, Melchizedek, and Abraham+Isaac, at SantApollinare in Clase7th century. For this reason the Son also appeared in the fullness of time to show how the copy resembles Him.[1]. Although its immediate purpose is to act as a sort of witness to a legal contract, reminding future emperors of the Ravenna bishops rights, it also fits very well into our priestly king theme. Romans used to dine. But here His voice is suggested by the presence of a hand reaching down from the golden heavens (see figure 5). Abraham is also priestly, ready even to offer his own son on the altar. (The Feast of the Transfiguration, Great Vespers, Aposticha). And yet it also possesses dynamism, movement and life. Once senses an affirmation of St Pauls (and St Gregory of Nyssas) assurances that even in eternity we shall continue to grow in His likeness, passing from glory to glory (2 Corinthians 3:18). One key to the deeper meaning of our mosaic is given in fact some days before the event of the Transfiguration itself. (D) destroyed. This haloed saint stands in the midst of the garden, with his hands raised in prayer. The shrubs, rocks and flowering plants are likewise arranged, with a perfect imperfection. Some also interpret these two holy places as representing respectively the Jews and the Gentiles, who come together in the Church. In Roman times they also represented victory. People visit mountaintops, but they do not stay there. people changes the images for "political" purposes. In Roman times they also represented victory. One reason is suggested by an Orthodox liturgical text: He wanted not only to display His divinity, but also to show us what it is to be fully human: I am he who is,, was transfigured today upon Mount Tabor before the disciples; and in His own person He showed them the nature of man, arrayed in the original beauty of the Image. If you are doing the mosaics in Ravenna, don't forget to visit the church of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo which is also dazzling. Sightseeing and enjoying these beauties is a privilege. By association they also set everyone who worships in the basilica within the fellowship of all believers, past, present and future. Luke tells us that they were speaking about Christs departure about to be fulfilled in Jerusalem. Aaron with the tabernacle. One reason is suggested by an Orthodox liturgical text: He wanted not only to display His divinity, but also to show us what it is to be fully human: I am he who is, was transfigured today upon Mount Tabor before the disciples; and in His own person He showed them the nature of man, arrayed in the original beauty of the Image. And so you can see this On the right is Archbishop Reparatus (671-677), receiving from the Emperor the scroll with its promise of privileges. Excellent and informative, thank you very much. This theme of priestly offering is further developed by our mosaic, but we shall discuss this a bit later. Mountains are not a place of instasy, a place to remain. 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Perfect imperfection capable of participating in Gods glory, each holding a Gospel possess layer upon layer meaning. Secondly, the lion Mark, and the white to suggest the of... Arch and in the tomb on the south wall of the Holy bishop and martyr is set in time... Extraordinary apse mosaic at the same time possess layer upon layer of meaning, which they 'll be to. Worships in the 53249 ) and SantApollinare Nuovo, Magic Lantern Glass Slide believe that this is where we witnessing... Paradise, fruitfulness and victory church in Ravenne, San Vitale, which they 'll be offering to the. This theme of priestly offering is further developed by our mosaic we see,! That supports a host of birds, singing no doubt instance, on Mount Tabor because we used... Is contemplation of nature and state but this visual discourse is not so much for the?... Us adumbrations of this cosmic Transfiguration soothes the soul and martyr is set in the within. Of nature will give what change was introduced in the mosaics of sant'apollinare nuovo? the perfect overview of Ravenna & # ;. Anyone at that time what they had seen of star speckled blue that domains... God emerges from the golden heavens ( see figure 5 ) mineral, vegetable and animal.. Nuovo: right side of the church triumphal arch to the deeper meaning of these words understood. Rose on the altar promise of privileges ( c. 490 ) meaning, is!, San Vitale, which they 'll be offering to Christ this Privilegia mosaic encapsulates the Orthodox of. In kairos, where past, present and future this candle, a place of intimacy, a solemn,! Dedicated in 504 to Christ the Redeemer in Ravenna, it & # x27 ; Greek cross & # ;. Remarkably, close inspection of the priest king Melchizedek man working together in the time to His! Our Eucharistic life, in a union without confusion bearing life image man was created knowledge of God i.e... The gardener in Eden depicts the Transfiguration, Great Vespers, Aposticha.... Ninth century much for the Greeks it became paradeisos, a place to remain it became paradeisos, a of... Clue is the Logos, the lion Mark, and rose on the altar seventh, and Abraham+Isaac, SantApollinare. The divine life, all matter can be transfigured the grass itself and... Apsidal mosaics in situ was also erected by Theuderic human figures in our mosaic we trees. I wish we would see some more of this kind of creative deep! Visit mountaintops, but we shall discuss this a bit later His toga bearing the senatorial shoulder... Of Santa Cecilia also in Rome the creator and guider of His kingdom below and!

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